Monday, 30 June 2025

What forms the Curvature of Spacetime?

Could an emergent geometrical process form the curvature of spacetime that we have in Einstein’s Relativity?
If we take Newton's First Law of motion, an object in motion stays in motion forever with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force. This can be seen by the fact that two parallel lines will continue forever without coming into contact.
But, two parallel line on the surface curvature of a sphere both traveling north will travel parallel with one another. Therefore based on the three-dimensions of everyday life they should never come in contact with each other. But despite this definition of parallel lines over a period of time they do make contact with each other.
If we remove the ability to see the sphere. It looks as if they simply gravitated towards each other.
So the question is; where does the spherical geometry come from?
In this theory as a process of energy exchange, the curvature of spacetime is formed by all bodies emitting spherical waves that naturally radiate out in all directions in three-dimensional space. Other bodies, which interact with these waves, move in the direction of the source of the waves.
This can be based on the spherical geometry of the inverse square law and Huygens’ Principle of 1670, that says:
“Every point on a wave front has the potential for a new spherical 4πr² wave”














In Huygens's principle, all points on a spherical wave front of light have the same phase. Therefore, the two-dimensional curvature of the wave front can work in unison. Each point on the curvature of the wave front forms the potential for a new photon ∆E=hf electron interaction, a new oscillation or vibration as a probabilistic future comes into existence.













In this theory, the same process of energy exchange that forms the inward motion of gravity also forms the forward passage of time. We have an emergent probabilistic future coming into existence quantum by quantum, moment by moment with photon ∆E=hf energy transforming into the kinetic Eₖ=½mv² energy of matter, in the form of electrons.













Because the Universe is never at absolute zero, all objects radiate EM waves continuously. Therefore, gravitational potential energy can change into the kinetic energy of motion as part of a geometrical, universal and continuous process.














The continuum of time is formed by spontaneous absorption and emission of light waves. Each new wave radiates out spherically forming greater degrees of freedom for statistical entropy forming an Arrow of Time within each reference frame.
The energy of an Object will slows the rate that time flows forming the characteristics of three-dimensional spacetime as a geometrical process of energy exchange.
This will be relative to their energy and momentum forming inertia in the direction of their motion.














We have the law of inertia because the same process of energy exchange that forms acceleration also forms gravitation. Therefore, an object will have inertia in the direction of motion and will want to continue moving in that direction forever, if not acted upon be an external force. This is because of the spontaneous exchange of photon energy in the direction of motion.













As a process of spherical symmetry forming and breaking, this forms the curvature of spacetime with all objects forming parabolic curves with the planets forming elliptical orbits out of the broken spherical geometry.
Within such a process of energy exchange we have a photon ∆E=hf electron interaction between each cause and effect, between each action and reaction forming what we measure as time.

Saturday, 7 June 2025

Consciousness Subjective and Objective Reality explained by New Theory

This theory can explain subjective and objective reality based on one universal process of energy exchange.  

This is done by explaining time as a geometrical process that forms the characteristics of three-dimension space with a probabilistic future continuously coming into existence.

This is formed by the spontaneous absorption and emission of light waves with photon energy continuously transforming potential energy into the kinetic Eₖ=½mv² energy of matter, in the form of electrons, forming our probabilistic future quantum by quantum, moment by moment.

The reason why this process can explain subjective reality is because light has momentum and momentum is frame dependent.

Therefore, the electrical activity that forms conscious awareness is in the centre of its own reference frame in the moment of now.

This gives each one of us our own personal view of the Universe forming a base for subjective reality.

This process forms the potential for the concept of the individual mind. Each life form remains in ‘the moment of now’ at the forefront of this creative process. With an uncertain ∆×∆pᵪh/4π future and with the potential to look back in time in every direction at the beauty of the stars.

To have a complete understanding of this we need to go back to the spherical 4πr² geometry of Huygens’ Principle of 1670 that says:

“Every point on a light wave front has the potential for a new spherical 4πr² light wave".

Each point on the wave front can represent a potential photon ∆E=hf electron interaction or coupling.

The spherical surface forms a manifold for a wave front that has the potential to form greater degrees of freedom for statistical entropy.

As a process of spherical symmetry forming and breaking there is also a built in potential for greater symmetry to emerge. This formed the potential for the complexity of cell life and the potential for evermore-abstract mathematics.

Subjective reality of individual conscious awareness emerges out of the dynamics of this two-dimensional manifold.

The interior of the sphere is naturally three-dimensional giving us an objective reality in the three dimensional space of everyday life. We have one extra dimension formed by the radius and spherical surface that we experience as the continuum of time.

In this theory, the mathematics of Quantum Mechanics represents the physics of time relative to the atoms of the ‘Periodic Table’ with classical physics representing processes over a ‘period of time’ as in Newton's differential equations.

In such a theory, the spherical surface forms a manifold for the holographic principle with consciousness being the most advanced part of a universal process of energy exchange that forms our ever-changing world.


Thursday, 22 May 2025

New Revolutionary Paper: Universe Driven by Temporal Singularities

In a new scientific paper instead of having one temporal singularity of the Big Bang as the moment of creation, we have the concept of an on-going process of transient temporal singularities in the form of extremely rapid localized bursts in space-time that generate matter and energy. This paper was motivated by an earlier work on concentric spherical shells of density singularity, which give rise a 1 over r attractive force. In other words, it gives rise to the inverse square law of Newton’s gravity. In this new model, the interplay between the number density of the singularities and their amplitude solve the problem in bound structures, like the spiral arms rotation curves of galaxies that are attributed to dark matter. The outward pressure of groups of temporal singularities naturally gives rise to the expansion of the Universe, without the need of dark energy. As a dynamic on-going process a series of temporal singularities could accelerate the formation of spiral galaxies reconciling theory with what telescopes actually see. This is not a quantum gravity model, but the process is unfolding in a non-continuous jump-like manner triggered by bursts of temporal singularities, rather than a smooth uninterrupted expansion. The only problem is the origin of these temporal singularities remains unknown?
Link to scientific Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.08733 Independent Reference video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hB-9VSALKU&t=43s

Thursday, 8 May 2025

The Mechanism that forms Gravity

Newton’s equation is only a mathematical description of gravity it is not an explanation of the mechanism or process that forms the gravitation force.

This video explains a geometrical process of energy exchange that the equation is based upon.

If we explain light, electromagnetism, radiating out from the Sun based on Huygens' Principle from 1670, which states,

"Every point on a wave front of light has the potential to create a new spherical light wave."

Each point can be considered a potential photon ∆E=hf electron interaction, resonating or vibrating. The spherical surface can acts as a boundary condition or manifold for the gravitational process.

This would result in large numbers of photons and that is why it is mathematical. The outward momentum of this expanding spherical surface forms the geometry of the Inverse Square Law, governing both electromagnetic and gravitational fields.

Within this dynamic process, gravity isn't a fundamental force but a secondary phenomenon derived from the electromagnetic force, with light photons playing the role of a gravity particles known as gravitons.

In this Theory, there is no need for a new spin-2 boson in the form of a Graviton.

We have the absorption of a spin-1 photon and the emission of a spin-1 photon forming a spin-2 field required for General Relativity. Within the process, two massless spin-1 boson in the form of photons forms the characteristics of a massless spin-2 boson or graviton.

General Relativity describes gravity as a curvature of space-time caused by the presence of mass and energy this is explained in the form of the stress-energy tensor. The photon-electron interaction having a spin-2 characteristic formed by the absorption and emission of light is the quantum mechanical counterpart of this classical description. The spin-2 nature of the absorption and emission of photon energy is linked to the second-order nature of the stress-energy tensor. Because the stress tensor takes one vector as input, absorption, and gives one vector as output, emission, it is a second-order tensor.

This theory agrees with Einstein’s idea that gravity is really an effect of space-time curvature.

Furthermore, the curvature of space-time, a key feature of Einstein's theory of relativity, in this theory is formed by the 'broken surface' of this continuously emerging spheres symmetry  

Also the spherical geometry in the form of concentric spheres gives rise to Pythagoras theorem that is used in Einstein’s Relativity.  

Einstein's General Relativity explains space-time curvature as a result of the presence of mass and energy, in this theory this is in the form of light photon ∆E=hf energy transforming potential energy into the kinetic Eₖ=½mv² energy of matter, in the form of electrons. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion of what is actually ‘happening’.

The spherical geometry is broken by the energy and momentum of each individual planet forming elliptical orbits based on their energy and mass.

When Kepler observed the motion of the planets, he found that they move in elliptical orbits with speeds that vary relative to their distance from the Sun. As the planet moves along its path, it sweeps out an equal area segments in an equal time. Therefore, there is a form of geometrical symmetry, but the symmetry seems to be broken by the shape of the elliptical orbit and variable speed.

  If a planet or an object has a circular orbit, there is no variation in planetary speed and we would have perfect symmetry in movement space and time.

In this theory this is because light waves radiate out from the Sun spherically, the potential for photon energy is spherical therefore; a planet in circular orbit will not encounter a gravitational difference.

As part of an emergent process the light photon is not a property of space and time, the characteristics of three-dimensional space and time are emergent coming into existence with the exchange of photon energy. This continuous process explains why we are moving in the temporal direction at the speed of light even when we are stationary.

It explains Time.


Saturday, 3 May 2025

From Planck to the Monster of Sporadic Groups

Could the Universe be a continuum with one light photon following another in a never-ending succession?

We experience this process of energy exchange as Time with a probabilistic future unfolding moment-by-moment, quanta by quanta. The continuous absorption and emission of light, along with the repetition of the quantum wave particle function collapsing and reforming would form a mechanism for generating a probabilistic uncertain future.









Photon spherical oscillations or vibrations precedes everything with the emerging spherical geometry forming greater degrees of freedom for statistical entropy and the spontaneous irreversible processes of classical physics. Such as heat energy always spontaneously flowing from hot to cold and friction always changing motion into heat.

In this theory the mathematics of Quantum Mechanics represent, the physics of time with Classical Physics represents processes over a ‘period of time’ as in Newton's differential equations.

The wave particle duality of light and matter in the form of electrons is forming a blank canvas that we, as atoms, can interact with forming a future relative to the energy and momentum of our actions. 









At the smallest scale of this process, we have the Planck constant as a constant of action. This constant is formed because when there is the absorption and emission of light the energy levels cannot drop below the centre of the electron sphere of probability that surrounds the nucleus of the atom. We have to square the radius because the process is relative to the centre of sphere, formed by the nucleus of the atom, and the spherical surface.



 






A repetition of this geometrical process will naturally form the Fibonacci Spiral and fractal self-similarities we see in nature. Because of this process of spherical symmetry forming and breaking the future is probabilistic, but not totally uncertain. There is a built in potential for greater symmetry to emerge, this formed the potential for the complexity of cell life and emerges of built in geometrical patterns to our mathematic.









In this theory sporadic group, represent exceptional symmetries describing the symmetries that remain after a high degree of initial symmetry as in spherical symmetry that has been broken through a series of quantized steps. This process of spherical symmetry forming and breaking could explain why many sporadic group are linked to sphere-packing lattices, including the Monster, are deeply connected to the symmetries of the Leech lattice, a key structure in the study of dense sphere packing.  Spherical lattice serves as a geometric foundation for the construction and understanding of many of these exceptional finite simple groups.

 The centre of each sphere within the lattice is a discrete set of points within a vector space.









In this theory, this is because of a geometrical process linked to Huygens Principle that says each point on the light wave front acts as a source of a secondary spherical wavelet. Each point on the wave front has the potential for a new photon contributing to the probability amplitude and thus the probability density squared at a future point. The weight of this modular form is half the dimension of the lattice because the process is based on the radius, that is squared, is half the diameter of the lattice. The spherical radiant energy, radiating out from the centre of the sphere could explain the potential for centralizers of an involution of rather smaller sporadic group. Now called the baby monster and the slight variation of it centre of an involution in the monster group.

A process of spherical symmetry forming and breaking can form a simpler uniform construction of all the finite simple groups. Spherical symmetry, a high degree of symmetry, is broken as part of a physical systems to give rise to directional properties and structures explaining why sporadic group are based on a few simple rules about how we are allowed to shuffle things, or why very simple axioms are hiding such complexity and beauty in them. We can think about this just in terms of pictures of a geometrical periodic pattern on the surface of a sphere. 









Something having positive curvature formed by the outer spherical surface and sometimes having constant negative curvature formed by the inner concaved spherical surface. 









If you add a point at infinity this fundamental domain is really a Riemann surface with a complex structure and the mapping that takes a point in tau and maps it to a point on the Riemann sphere is known as the modular j function.

Based on this dynamic geometry the modular J function, which shows up in all sorts of number theory, is linked to the monster group the largest sporadic group forming the idea that sounds so ridiculous that it was called moonshine. The fundamental domain is the Riemann sphere but if you take an arbitrary subgroup then the image of it will be some general Riemann surface, it won't be a sphere, it might be a toroidal doughnut-like shape or something more complicated formed out of broken spherical symmetry. 









In this theory, mathematics is discovered not invented.










The potential for this can be seen as Ford Circles emerging naturally in our mathematics. Pascal's triangle is a good example of this; it is constructed starting with a single '1' at the apex with increasing symmetry and complexity as it cascades down. 








The Fibonacci sequence is within Pascal's triangle, appears along the shallow diagonals of the triangle where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. 









Everything is based on the same geometrical process forming the unity of mathematics and physics within three-dimensional space with one variable in the form of time.    

 


Monday, 21 April 2025

Why are Fractal Self Similarities Everywhere Amazing Feedback By Artific...

Could the Universe be a continuum with one light photon following another in a never-ending succession? 

We would experience this as Time with a probabilistic future unfolding moment by moment. The continuous absorption and emission of light, along with the repartition of the quantum wave particle function (Ψ²) collapsing and reforming would form a mechanism for generating fractal self-similarities.

With this process the spontaneous absorption and emission of light would continuously form a probabilistic future that is coming into existence with the exchange of photon ∆E=hf energy into the kinetic energy Eₖ=½mv² of matter in the form of electrons.

 

Fractal Self-Similarities.


Sunday, 20 April 2025

The Light Continuum

In this theory, the Universe is a continuum with one light photon following another in a never-ending succession. We experience this as Time with a probabilistic future unfolding moment by moment.  

The spontaneous absorption and emission of light is continuously forming a probabilistic future that is coming into existence with the exchange of photon ∆E=hf energy.

 

Whenever our world changes photon ∆E=hf potential energy is converted into the kinetic energy E=½mv² of electrons.

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion as the future unfolds.

 

Within this process, our probabilistic future is represented mathematically by Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle ∆×∆pᵪ≥h/4π, between position and momentum and ∆E ∆t ≥ h/2π, energy and time.