Thursday, 22 May 2025
New Revolutionary Paper: Universe Driven by Temporal Singularities
Thursday, 8 May 2025
The Mechanism that forms Gravity
Newton’s equation is only a mathematical description of
gravity it is not an explanation of the mechanism or process that forms the
gravitation force.
This video explains a geometrical process of energy exchange
that the equation is based upon.
If we explain light, electromagnetism, radiating out from
the Sun based on Huygens' Principle from 1670, which states,
"Every point on a wave front of light has the potential
to create a new spherical light wave."
Each point can be considered a potential photon ∆E=hf
electron interaction, resonating or vibrating. The spherical surface can acts
as a boundary condition or manifold for the gravitational process.
This would result in large numbers of photons and that is
why it is mathematical. The outward momentum of this expanding spherical
surface forms the geometry of the Inverse Square Law, governing both
electromagnetic and gravitational fields.
Within this dynamic process, gravity isn't a fundamental
force but a secondary phenomenon derived from the electromagnetic force, with
light photons playing the role of a gravity particles known as gravitons.
In this Theory, there is no need for a new spin-2 boson in
the form of a Graviton.
We have the absorption of a spin-1 photon and the emission
of a spin-1 photon forming a spin-2 field required for General Relativity.
Within the process, two massless spin-1 boson in the form of photons forms the
characteristics of a massless spin-2 boson or graviton.
General Relativity describes gravity as a curvature of space-time
caused by the presence of mass and energy this is explained in the form of the
stress-energy tensor. The photon-electron interaction having a spin-2
characteristic formed by the absorption and emission of light is the quantum
mechanical counterpart of this classical description. The spin-2 nature of the
absorption and emission of photon energy is linked to the second-order nature
of the stress-energy tensor. Because the stress tensor takes one vector as
input, absorption, and gives one vector as output, emission, it is a
second-order tensor.
This theory agrees with Einstein’s idea that gravity is
really an effect of space-time curvature.
Furthermore, the curvature of space-time, a key feature of
Einstein's theory of relativity, in this theory is formed by the 'broken
surface' of this continuously emerging spheres symmetry
Also the spherical geometry in the form of concentric
spheres gives rise to Pythagoras theorem that is used in Einstein’s
Relativity.
Einstein's General Relativity explains space-time curvature
as a result of the presence of mass and energy, in this theory this is in the
form of light photon ∆E=hf energy transforming potential energy into the
kinetic Eₖ=½mv² energy of matter, in the form of electrons. Kinetic energy is
the energy of motion of what is actually ‘happening’.
The spherical geometry is broken by the energy and momentum
of each individual planet forming elliptical orbits based on their energy and
mass.
When Kepler observed the motion of the planets, he found
that they move in elliptical orbits with speeds that vary relative to their
distance from the Sun. As the planet moves along its path, it sweeps out an
equal area segments in an equal time. Therefore, there is a form of geometrical
symmetry, but the symmetry seems to be broken by the shape of the elliptical
orbit and variable speed.
If a planet or an object
has a circular orbit, there is no variation in planetary speed and we would
have perfect symmetry in movement space and time.
In
this theory this is because light waves radiate out from the Sun spherically,
the potential for photon energy is spherical therefore; a planet in circular
orbit will not encounter a gravitational difference.
As part of an emergent process the light photon is not a
property of space and time, the characteristics of three-dimensional space and
time are emergent coming into existence with the exchange of photon energy.
This continuous process explains why we are moving in the temporal direction at
the speed of light even when we are stationary.
It explains Time.
Saturday, 3 May 2025
From Planck to the Monster of Sporadic Groups
Could the Universe be a continuum with one light photon
following another in a never-ending succession?
We experience this process of energy exchange as Time with a
probabilistic future unfolding moment-by-moment, quanta by quanta. The
continuous absorption and emission of light, along with the repetition of the
quantum wave particle function collapsing and reforming would form a mechanism
for generating a probabilistic uncertain future.
Photon spherical oscillations or vibrations precedes
everything with the emerging spherical geometry forming greater degrees of
freedom for statistical entropy and the spontaneous irreversible processes of
classical physics. Such as heat energy always spontaneously flowing from hot to
cold and friction always changing motion into heat.
In this theory the mathematics of Quantum Mechanics represent, the physics of time with Classical Physics represents processes over a ‘period of time’ as in Newton's differential equations.
The wave particle duality of light and matter in the form of electrons is forming a blank canvas that we, as atoms, can interact with forming a future relative to the energy and momentum of our actions.
At the
smallest scale of this process, we have the Planck constant as a constant of
action. This constant is formed because when there is the absorption and
emission of light the energy levels cannot drop below the centre of the electron
sphere of probability that surrounds the nucleus of the atom. We have to square
the radius because the process is relative to the centre of sphere, formed by
the nucleus of the atom, and the spherical surface.
A repetition of this geometrical process will naturally form the Fibonacci Spiral and fractal self-similarities we see in nature. Because of this process of spherical symmetry forming and breaking the future is probabilistic, but not totally uncertain. There is a built in potential for greater symmetry to emerge, this formed the potential for the complexity of cell life and emerges of built in geometrical patterns to our mathematic.
In this theory sporadic group, represent exceptional symmetries describing the symmetries that remain after a high degree of initial symmetry as in spherical symmetry that has been broken through a series of quantized steps. This process of spherical symmetry forming and breaking could explain why many sporadic group are linked to sphere-packing lattices, including the Monster, are deeply connected to the symmetries of the Leech lattice, a key structure in the study of dense sphere packing. Spherical lattice serves as a geometric foundation for the construction and understanding of many of these exceptional finite simple groups.
In this theory, this is because of a geometrical process linked
to Huygens Principle that says each point on the light wave front acts as a
source of a secondary spherical wavelet. Each point on the wave front has the
potential for a new photon contributing to the probability amplitude and thus the
probability density squared at a future point. The weight of this modular form
is half the dimension of the lattice because the process is based on the radius,
that is squared, is half the diameter of the lattice. The spherical radiant
energy, radiating out from the centre of the sphere could explain the potential
for centralizers of an involution of rather smaller sporadic group. Now called
the baby monster and the slight variation of it centre of an involution in the
monster group.
A process of spherical symmetry forming and breaking can form a simpler uniform construction of all the finite simple groups. Spherical symmetry, a high degree of symmetry, is broken as part of a physical systems to give rise to directional properties and structures explaining why sporadic group are based on a few simple rules about how we are allowed to shuffle things, or why very simple axioms are hiding such complexity and beauty in them. We can think about this just in terms of pictures of a geometrical periodic pattern on the surface of a sphere.
Something having positive curvature formed by the outer spherical surface and sometimes having constant negative curvature formed by the inner concaved spherical surface.
If you add a point at infinity this fundamental domain is really a Riemann surface with a complex structure and the mapping that takes a point in tau and maps it to a point on the Riemann sphere is known as the modular j function.
Based on this dynamic geometry the modular J function, which shows up in all sorts of number theory, is linked to the monster group the largest sporadic group forming the idea that sounds so ridiculous that it was called moonshine. The fundamental domain is the Riemann sphere but if you take an arbitrary subgroup then the image of it will be some general Riemann surface, it won't be a sphere, it might be a toroidal doughnut-like shape or something more complicated formed out of broken spherical symmetry.
In this theory, mathematics is discovered not invented.
The potential for this can be seen as Ford Circles emerging naturally in our mathematics. Pascal's triangle is a good example of this; it is constructed starting with a single '1' at the apex with increasing symmetry and complexity as it cascades down.
The Fibonacci sequence is within Pascal's triangle, appears along the shallow diagonals of the triangle where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones.
Everything is based on the same geometrical process forming the unity of mathematics and physics within three-dimensional space with one variable in the form of time.